STATUS REPORT OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES

PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT LEH-LADAKH

In the present scenario of basic public amenities, availability of potable water needs hardly to be emphasized. The district of Leh is the largest in the state of Jammu and Kashmir with a population of 89474 (estimated census 1991) scattered over 46000Sq.Km. Barring few most of the populace is located close to perennial natural water sources where gravity mode is or can be adopted. Other than this, modern means of mechanized/manual lift system tapping surface/subsurface water is being adopted.

The district population apart from having a scattered pattern is concentrated in isolated villages and hamlets ranging in altitude from 9500feet to 15500feet in rugged mountainous terrain now opening up to rest of the world by net work of roads of sorts. The subzero conditions during winter further hamper smooth functioning of schemes and therefore demand special measures. In contrast to normal surface water supplies those having spring or subterranean source have proved operational during subzero conditions.

R&B division Leh looked after the activities of Public Health Engineering prior to 1984. Keeping in view special character of jobs and ever increasing demand for potable water a full fledged Public Health Engineering Division was established in 1984 with creation of three subdivisions located at Leh, Khaltsi and Kharu. In addition, to look after the mechanical assets and jobs, one Assistant Executive Engineer and a Junior Engineer stands on deputation from Mechanical Division, Leh.

To tap underground unpolluted water sources for supply, the division is already equipped with following drilling rigs in addition to installation of manual hand-pumps.

Percussion rigs P-5000

For augmentation of the gravity water supply system the District Administration have drawn up an action plan for deployment of two numbers large drilling rigs P-5000 for exploration of ground water resources. 2 nos. Percussion Rig-P5000 has been procured accordingly in the year 1993 &1995. For exploration of tube wells an amount of Rs.140.00 Lac has been earmarked in the 9^th year plan. 9 nos. tube wells have been successfully completed by 7/2001 with help of these rigs at an expenditure of Rs. 43.11 Lac ending 7/2001.

At present drilling is in progress at Khaltsi for water supply to Khaltsi village and colony as the spring source was washed away by floods in 1998. The other rig has been shifted at SKUAST Stakna farm for irrigation purposes and shall remain as life saving alternative.

Aqua drills R-50 (Air rotary Rig).

Due to the extreme climatic conditions many schemes has to be closed for winter due to freezing of the pipe and the source. To overcome this hand pumps have been introduced in the district. Accordingly one number Air Rotary Rig has been procured. With the help of this rig and manually, 471 nos. hand pumps has been installed in the entire district. Rs. 50.00 Lac has been allotted through ARWSP for installation of hand pumps for the year 2001-02, besides Rs.50 Lac from the District plan.

In summation at the moment the Public Health Engineering Division, Leh is supplying daily 3.90 Lac gallons of water to Leh town through 606 (PSP) Public Stand Posts (309 PSP & 297 Private connection) linked by 170 Km of pipe length covering 23136 populace. Excluding Leh town in the six blocks of the district 733 PSP’s operate.

Keeping in view improvements in standard of living the present supply in LPCD (liters per capita per day) is below the standard and therefore in addition to increase the same the population not covered so far need to be catered on top-priorrty.

The elaboration of schemes in operation/progress of Leh town and rural areas is being dealt hereunder separately:

I. LEH TOWN.

At present following water supply schemes in operation/progress cater to the demand of town populace.

Gaylung water supply scheme:-

Located at about 5 Km on Leh-Nobra road the spring at Gaylung has been tackled to supply 1.25 lac gallons per day. This spring remains operational throughout season and caters half of the town’s water requirements.

T-Tranch water supply scheme :-

Located at about 3Kmt. near Gompa village on Leh-Gangles road supplies 0.40 Lac gallons per day. Operational during winter.

3. Juma-Bagh water supply scheme: -

This is the pioneer water supply scheme of Leh town. Spring fed, this source located within the town supplies 0.25 lac gallons per day and runs throughout the season.

4. Skalzangling bore well scheme: -

The tube well is located at Skalzang Ling 2Kms from Leh Bazaar on AirPort road. 0.40 Lac gallons of water are being pumped out daily and put in town distribution network.

5. Sakara Spring water supply scheme (): -

The scheme feeds lower part of Leh through 11 PSP’s through out 24 hours. In addition this spring caters to the demand of nearby defence establishment.

6. Tanker Town Service:-

On daily basis the divisional tankers deliver 0.43 Lac gallons of water to town population not covered by PSP’s.

7. Water supply Scheme Leh Town (Phase-I) Part I:-

The above referred schemes in total supply 2.90 Lac gallons per day which have not been sufficient to meet the demand of town populace. Accordingly in 1992-93 additional water supply for the town was taken up as lift scheme Phase-I at a cost of Rs.531.00 Lac that was subsequently revised to Rs. 752.45 Lac with a design period of 15 years (1996-2011) to lift 6.07 Lac Gallon of water per day to serve a population of 40,000 Souls at the supply rate of 100 liters per capita per day (LPCD). It was proposed to lift water in three stages (stage-I at Indus bank to stage-II 3041M near TCP & to stage III 2754M at bus stand and from there to Skampari service reservoir 1531M) from 4 numbers tube wells at the Indus bank through 250mm & 150mm diameter rising main of 734 Meters length and 370.54 Meters dynamic head. At present 1.00 Lac Gallons of water being pumped from the tube well @ 12 Ltrs/sec for 11 Hours and is being distributed to town coupled with the existing 2.74 Lac Gallon from other sources including water tanker service to cater 28,000 souls at the rate of 60 liters per day per person through 170 Kms. (approximately) distribution net work via 309 Nos. of Public Stand Post (PSP) and 297 Nos. private connections.

This scheme is completed with cumulative expenditure of Rs.755.50 Lac ending 03-2000.

8. Augmentation of Leh Lift Scheme Phase -I (Patr-II):-

The part two of Phase-I was taken up in the year 1997-98 at an estimated cost of Rs.280.00 Lac and cumulative expenditure ending 03/2001 is Rs.174.00 Lac. The scheme comprises of two numbers large tube wells at Tukcha and Khakshal. The service reservoir for Tukcha is near the foot hill of Shanti Stupa at Chanspa with a capacity of 1.00 Lac Gallons, while the service reservoir of Khakshall is at Charu near Gompa village has a capacity of 1.50 Lac Gallons. Both these schemes shall cater the water supply for West side of the town starting from Khagshall to Airport via Chanspa, Tukcha and Skara. Lying of distribution line is in progress.

Both these schemes have been tested and are being charged, shall be ready for commissioning by the end of September 2001.

9. Water supply Scheme Lift Peripheral Villages Choglamsar:-

The scheme was taken up in the year 1998-99 at a cost of Rs. 37.72 Lac and was completed in 06-2000. 90,000 Liters of water is being pumped out from tube well no.3 at the Indus bank at the rate of 10 Ltrs/Sec to supply for the villagers of Choglamsar about 3000 souls at the rate of 30 Liters per Capita per Day (LPCD).

II. RURAL.

Water supply Scheme Chemary:-

The water supply scheme Chemary was started in the year 1998-99 at an estimated cost of Rs.100.00Lac to cater water supply to villages Chemary and Kharu the blockhead quarters of Kharu Block. It consists of a Tubewell with pumping capacity of 15 Ltrs/Sec through a rising main of 560Mtrs and ahead of 50M. The capacity of the service reservoir is 1.00 Lac Gallon that is already completed. The scheme shall be completed by next season. The scheme costing Rs.100.00 Lac proposed to be financed under NABARD and the project stands submitted for approval.

2.Water Supply Scheme Thiksay taken under M.P.L.A.D.S (R.S):-

The water supply scheme Thiksay/Ranbirpura has been taken up in the year 1999-2000 at a cost of Rs.181.49 Lac as a District Plan scheme and Rs.120.27 Lac has been incurred during 3/2001. Member Parliament (R.S) Rev. Thiksay Renpoche is funding the scheme. The scheme envisages lifting of 1.00 Lac Gallons of water from the tube well through 0.5 Km rising main, 65M head and shall be distributed through a distribution network of 26 Km & it has been tested including distribution line of 21 Kms, and is being charged. The project shall be ready for commissioning by end of September 2001.

Accelerated Rural Water Supply Scheme Program:-

In the light of increase in population status survey of existing/inprogress schemes and formulation of new schemes was carried out. As per this survey 112 census villages and 157 modas/patties/hamlets stand recognized. The 174 modas/patties/hamlets are covered by 157 schemes. Till 3/2000 out of total 270 habitation (village plus modas/patties) only 259 nos. stands fully covered (FC). The remaining 11 nos. break up in 6 nos. of partially covered (PC) modas where work as on 01-04-2001 was in progress and for rest 5nos. having not covered (NC) modas status, cases for approval have already been forwarded.

In summation the 65 modas/patties/hamlet are to be covered by 41 schemes.

However as per survey recently conducted on the basis of functionability 296 schemes (112 villages and 183 hamlets) are in existence. Some of these schemes have become defunct because of natural vagaries; some rendered not covered (NC) or partially covered (PC) in the light of new guidelines (1999). At the moment 27 schemes are being upgraded and six new schemes have been submitted to higher authorities for approval. The detailed project reports of rest of the schemes are under preparation and shall be submitted separately soon.The scheme costing Rs.100.00 Lac proposed to be financed under NABARD and the project stands submitted for approval.

Accelerated Rural Water Supply Scheme Program:-

The Rural belt of Ladakh district encompass about 66338 souls (estimated census 1991) in 112 number census villages and 157 numbers Modas/Patties and hamlets. The Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program (ARWSP) is a centrally sponsored and funded program and has been launched to provide portable water to the rural population residing in remote villages. A detailed physical status of ARWSP schemes in Leh district. In the light of increase in population status survey of existing/inprogress schemes and formulation of new schemes was carried out. As per this survey 113 census villages and 157 modas/patties/hamlets stand recognized. The 174 modas/patties/hamlets are covered by 157 schemes. Till 3/2000 out of total 270 habitation (village plus modas/patties) only 259 nos. stands fully covered (FC). The remaining 11 nos. break up in 6 nos. of partially covered (PC) modas where work as on 01-04-2001 was in progress and for rest 5nos. having not covered (NC) modas status, cases for approval have already been forwarded.

The guidelines of 1999 have rendered 14 nos. of schemes as partially covered and have been upgraded from 10 LPCD to 40 LPCD. Out of the remaining 16 schemes having not covered status 11 nos. stands approved by SFC.In summation the 65 modas/patties/hamlet are to be covered by 41 schemes. However as per survey recently conducted on the basis of functionability 296 schemes (113 villages and 183 hamlets) are in existence. Some of these schemes have become defunct because of natural vagaries; some rendered not covered (NC) or partially covered (PC) in the light of new guidelines (1999). At the moment 27 schemes are being upgraded and six new schemes have been submitted to higher authorities for approval. The detailed project reports of rest of the schemes are under preparation and shall be submitted separately soon.

STATUS REPORT OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES

GENERAL ABASTRACT OF ALL BLOCKS EXCLUDING LEH TOWN.

AS ON 15-08-2001

	BLOCK	TOTAL Scheme Village	TOTAL Village/Hamlet/ Modas/ Patties.	PSP Public Stand Post Total Functional		S T A F F	Hand pump Rig Manual Total			STATUS AS ON 15-08-01
	LEH LEH TOWN	30	60	214 606	114 576	35 14	64	274	338	Restoration in rural areas shall be completed before winter setting.
	KHARU	15	28	60	33	14	2	1	3	Restoration & surveying is in progress.
	NYOMA	23	43	98	41	15	60	10	70	Restoration in progress.
	DURBUK	12	25	65	25	12	16	20	36	Material has been taken for restoration.
	NOBRA	37	49	106	58	24	19	11	30	Yet to start.
	KHALTSI	28	89	193	139	46	4	-	4	Restoration in progress.
TOTAL Total District		145 113	295 182	736 1349	410 986	146 160	165	316	481	All the spill over and current year schemes under ARWSP, DDP & Plan are in progress.

Sewerage and Drainage Plan for Leh Town.

Introduction

Leh town is located at an average altitude of 3480 meters above MSL with a resident population of 23136 in an area of sq. Kms. It is one of the fastest developing urban centers in Trans-Himalayas belt. The population is not uniformly distributed but has a clustered pattern. With improvement in standard of living there is tremendous demand for portable water, which is already being provided to a considerable extent. It is here that the problem of scientific and organized disposal of wastewater (sewage) has arisen. The present status starkly reflects stinky cesspool in summer and frozen stretches in winter. World-over there is right action to improve sanitary conditions, which is a pedestal for healthy population. The need to a systematic disposal of wastewater & storm water of the town cannot be denied. In the formulation of a comprehensive plan for drainage and sewerage of Leh town following factors are of paramount consideration:

Resident & transitory population.
Standard of living.
Quantity of water supply to the town.
Topographical features of the area.
Climatic conditions/precipitation.

Elaboration point wise is hereunder: -

RESIDENT AND TRANSITARY POPULATION: - (Refer drawing)

The resident population within the town limit as per recent census has been 23184 swells in the months of May to October growing thereby to about 40000.The average pictures gets drastically modified keeping in view the clustered pattern of population .The town has therefore been divided into following zones:-

Zone A From Jamia Mosque to J&K Bank under the Leh Palace.

Zone B J&K Bank to Petrol pump via Mani Tselding.

Zone C Old Hospital to Dragon Hotel via Dak Banglow/Khangri Hotel

The socio-cultural background of residents is unique but with the passage of time, spread of education and rapid intermixing with outsiders usage of water for routine sanitation has increased. It may be added here that as commonly observed with the laying of sewerage system there is always a tendency of people to use the same as conduits of human and other waste as sludge, giving rise to common saying as “ down the drain”.

Apart from the resident and transitory population factors there is at present slow but definite migration of rural population to Leh town lured by job opportunities, economic avenues, availability of modern/semi-modern life facilities and urban status symbol.

2. STANDRAD OF LIVING: -

As reflected standard of town population is on rise. This is directly reflected in the increasing demand for water, which necessitates putting in place a workable sewerage and drainage system. A perspective plan to meet the sewerage and drainage requirement of town for twenty years hence has been envisaged in the ensuing project details.

3. QUANTUM OF WATER SUPPLY TO TOWN: -

Contribution of precipitation to drainage of town is negligible in the form of rain. However snowmelt contribution shall be compensated by low usage of pipe supply during winter. At present the town population receives 40 liters per person per day (LPCD) of pipe supply. The Public Health Engineering Division has envisaged increasing the supply to 100 LPCD by 2004. In the twenty years hence the population of town of present limit is expected to swell to 55000. And @ 100 LPCD the total water supply works out to 1.21 million gallons. The sewerage and drainage system of town needs to be designed for a compatible capacity.

4. TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE AREA: -

The entire sewerage and drainage system of Leh town shall be gravity type. The layout is dictated by the two prominent hillocks of town viz. the Place Hill and Nazer Hill. The place hill is advantageous for layout. However the Nazer hill shall require detouring of drainage lines.

5.CLIMATIC CONDITIONS: -

Summer of Leh town partake the entire characteristic normally witnessed elsewhere. However it is the minus 25 degrees Celsius (minimum) temperature, which require special consideration. The harsh winter conditions impose minimum use of normal water supply. Choking of drainage lines due to freezing shall require special attention. It is envisaged that steep grade, adequate design, deeper section, use of insulating materials in addition to contribution of about 2000lts, of lukewarm water daily from Jamia Mosque shall take care of freezing problems.

PROPOSSALS: -

Keeping in view the consideration and requirements detailed above it is proposed that the trunk sewer (I) shall commence from Juma Bagh and same shall pass through Leh main Bazar along the Zamindari Kul which is comparatively sunny and then shall move down old Leh road upto Police ground behind the Tourist Reception Center where a disposal plant is proposed. All the drains around this area shall be emptied in the trunk sewer. The second major sub sewer (II) shall be laid along ITBF and it shall touch the old and new bus stands and cover the area around Government quarters near polo ground and archery stadium and this will link up with trunk sewer near petrol pump via MNS Hospital. The third major sub sewer (III) shall be laid from police station to Dragon Hotel where it will empty into the main trunk sewer. The sewer and drainage lines of lanes and by lanes shall empty into either the trunk sewer directly or into the sub sewer, which will be of surfacial nature. The trunk sewer and sub sewers are proposed as deep under ground structures. Laying out the trunk sewer and sub sewer and smaller drainage lines there will require lot of excavation work even along macadamized roads and tiled lanes and bylanes which has to be endured.

The disposal structure proposed at police grounds shall consists of chambered septic tank completely reinforced cement concrete covered with foul air pipes with earth insulation and filtered soakage chambers also RCC covered. The septic tank shall require periodical clearance and the waste material obtained herein could be used as bio fertilizer. The excavation shall require period slots of year with minimum activity i.e March to May & September onward.

CONCLUSIONS: -

The town did not have sewerage and drainage system as traditional lifestyle emphasized minimum use of water. With exposure to out side world and consequent changes in life style with more emphasis on hygiene and cleanliness, water usage has increased manifold. Added to this, with the mushrooming of commercial establishment such as hotels and gust houses, in large numbers in the last two decades due to tourism, the need for a proper sewerage and drainage system was never stronger. It is unfortunate that the old irrigation Kul that used to be a landmark of town and pass through Leh main Bazaar has been converted into a Shackle and ineffective drainage line. Sad to reflect here that in the recent past it served as source of drinking water. Such fallacies need neither to be perpetuated nor encouraged. Hence it is still within the limits of manageability to embark a time-bound program of effective sewerage and drainage system for the town already detailed in the preceding paras.

SNo	SCHEME	YEAR	APPROVED COST Rs.Lac	Exp. 9/2001	Population ST	BLOCK	REMARKS
	Phase II
1	NeyBazgo/Tunglung Laga	1999-2000	39.50		847	Leh	Work shall be complete during current year
2	Takmachic/Hamyul Laba	“	33.50		395	Khaltsi	“
3	Stakna	1999-2000	23.50		388	Leh	80% work shall complete during year
4	Kungaim/Gyak	“	21.50		458	Nyoma	“
5	Sakampuk	“	22.46		411	Nobra	95% work completed.

	PHASE III
1	Thakshi Pachathang	2000-2001	11.57		702	“	75% work shall complete this season
2	Timisgam/Tia Sokra	“	13.23		1118	Khaltsi	“
3	Himya	“	15.74		216	Nyoma	80% shall complete
4	Gia	“	17.29		755	Kharu	“
5	Nurla/Pharkhathang	“	25.82		740	Khaltsi	“
6	Skati/Kagar	“	54.37		1565	Kharu	“
7	Stakmo	“	34.55		539	Leh	70% shall be complete
8	Kubed	“	8.49		548	Nobra	60% shall coomplete
9	Sakubuchan/KhachaThang/BeaThang	“	26.30		1936	Khaltsi	About 50% work will be complete this season


UNDER DDP (Desert Development Program)
1	Stok	2000-2001	63.48		800	Leh	Waiting for funds to be released.
2	Phayang	“	36.78		790	“	“
3	Alchi	“	22.07		855	Khaltsi	“
4	Likchay	“	5.00		112	Nyoma	Improment and Augmentation. Waiting for funds
5	Khagar Nobra	“	3.50		592	Nobra	“
6	Sabu/Yognus	“	3.00		150	Leh	“
7	Saspol	“	5.00		300	Khaltsi	“
8	Kairay/Ney	“	4.00		119	Nyoma	“
9	Diskit/Tingding Nalla	“	3.50		575	Nobra	“
10	Umla	“	2.50		68	Leh	“




Spillover/revalidation 1999-2000
1	Shachukul/Sumdo Pharka	“	24.50		380	Durbuk	100% work shall be completed this season
2	Khaltsi/Balukhar,LangroDho,Yarthang	“	19.00		211	Khaltsi	“
3	Nimo/Rafta	“	11.50		350	Leh	“
Stands submitted to Government for sanction
1	Wanla/Sumdo	2001-2002	40.21	-	513	Khaltsi	New Scheme
2	Mangu/ZoomSapta	“	13.10	-	299	“	“
3	Waris:Bikadho	“	3.00	-	75	“	“

4	Timisgam/Aung	-	3.50	-	176	176	“
5	Tri Dho	2001-2002	332.56	-	229	Nyoma	“
6	Lakjung/Tsati	“	5.71	-	75	Nobra	“
7	Durbuk/Mod Bazar	“	24.95	-	223	Durbuk	“
9	Khardong	-	15.19	-	271	Nobra	“
10	Skindang	-	8.00	-	184	Khaltsi	“
11	ManPangong	-	58.22	-	384	Nyoma	“
12	Mudh	-	4.77	-	145	“	“

13	Chilling / Sudoh	-	6.00	-	169	Leh	“
14	Thang	-	8.00	-	100	Nobra	“
15	Digar	-	9.20	-	205	“	“
16	Tangyar	-	9.94	-	177	“	“
17	Tukla	-	6.20	-	75	Nyoma	“
18	Samad Rugchan	-	7.20	-	229	“	“

In addition to the above list detailed project report is being prepared for augmentation /improvement of the following water schemes which are also on the priority:

1. Hunder	Nobra Block
2. Khardong	-do-
3. Dishkit	-do-
4. Chamshen Pinchimic	-do-
5. Timisgam main	Khaltsi Block
6. Sukurbuchan main	-do-
7. Khaltsi main	-do-
8. Himis Sukpachan	-do-
9. Gangles/Leh Town	Leh Block
10. Mathu	-do-
11. Chuchot	-do-
12. Shang	Kharu Block

Irrigation

In view of the prevailing desert conditions in the district, agriculture is possible only where water for irrigation is available, the most of the irrigation in the district is being done by canals/khuls. Detailed data on net and gross area irrigated is shown in this chapter.

Source of Irrigation

(Area in Hectares)

Year	Net Area Irrigated						Gross Area Irrigated
Year	Canals/ Khuls	Springs	Wells & Tube Wells	Tanks	Others	Total	Canals/ Khuls	Springs	Wells & Tube Wells	Tanks	Others	Total
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
1991-92	10309	0	0	0	0	10309	10623	0	0	0	0	10623
1992-93	10196	0	0	0	0	10196	10257	0	0	0	0	10257
1993-94	9985	0	0	0	0	9985	10360	0	0	0	0	10360
1994-95	9942	0	0	0	0	9942	10430	0	0	0	0	10430
1995-96	10414	0	0	0	0	10414	10789	0	0	0	0	10789
1996-97	9920	0	0	0	0	9920	10475	0	0	0	0	10475
1997-98	9940	0	0	0	0	9940	11000	0	0	0	0	11000
1998-99	9012	0	0	0	0	9012	9224	0	0	0	0	9224
1999-2K	8476	0	0	0	0	8476	9162	0	0	0	0	9162
2000-01	8476	0	0	0	0	8476	10493	0	0	0	0	10493
2001-02	8496	0	0	0	0	8496	10523	0	0	0	0	10523
2002-03	8460	0	0	0	0	8460	10478	0	0	0	0	10478

Source: Deputy Commissioner’s Office Leh

Area Irrigated

(Area in Hectares)

Year	Area Irrigated under
Year	Rice	Wheat	Barley	Grim	Other Millets	Pulses	Total Food Grains	Fruits	Vegetables	Other Food Crops	Oil-seeds	Fodder	Other non-food Crops	Total Area Sown
1991-92	0	2343	0	5199	553	338	8433	71	205	0	78	1836	0	10623
1992-93	0	2431	0	4359	859	336	7985	75	208	0	106	1877	6	10257
1993-94	0	2310	0	4894	504	317	8025	83	231	9	107	1905	0	10360
1994-95	0	2493	0	4758	513	310	8074	80	248	0	100	1928	0	10430
1995-96	0	2600	0	4750	450	200	8000	0	860	0	100	1990	300	11250
1996-97	0	3360	229	3842	281	284	7946	83	190	0	104	2024	0	10475
1997-98	0	3720	190	570	3950	280	8430	83	207	0	80	1980	2060	10490
1998-99	0	2584	155	4822	272	274	8131	77	272	9	22	773	0	9224
1999-2K	0	2584	155	4822	235	274	8070	76	211	0	22	773	0	9162
2000-01	0	2550	0	4772	286	259	8029		338	0	70	2056	0	10493
2001-02	0	2604	0	4734	436	270	8044		338	0	73	2068	0	10523
2002-03	0	2653	0	4702	377	272	8004		331	0	73	2070	0	10478

Source: Deputy Commissioner’s Office, Leh.

Power

Power Development Department Leh has declared, illegal electric connections, using of heaters, boilers etc and using of electricity more than the agreemented load as a social evil in the society. Therefore, all illegal consumers of electricity are requested to legalise their illegal connections as per VDS-2001, scheme by 31-03-2002. After 31-03-2002, if illegal electric connections are found any where in Leh District, the following steps will be taken:-

The service line will be disconnected.
The illegal consumers will be black listed for three months.
Heavy fine will be imposed.
The illegal consumers will have to furnish an affidavit to the effect that they will not use electricity illegally in future and two neighbours will have to stand as witness.

In addition to above:-

The service line should be of proper size and properly fitted on the poles.
Hooking system of service line will be removed. By hooking the service line , there is not proper electrical contact between the wires and as a result of this electrical faults occur which causes damages to transformers including the lamps etc.

2. In most of the houses in Leh District, the internal house wiring is not properly done. It is requested to carry out the internal wiring properly by 30-04-2002, otherwise the service line will be disconnected even if it is a legal connection.

Most of the people after construction/completion of new houses, hotels, guest houses, restaurants, shops and offices, after a great deal of planning, management and investment, the first commodity/thing that they use illegally on the auspicious occasion of inaugural ceremony, is ELECTRICITY. Please think over it; we need to change our attitude towards electricity.

Another, interesting discovery made by PDD Leh during door to door inspection of electrical consumers is that the more educated and rich section of the society, seems to be less aware about energy conservation and the less educated and poor section of the society seems to be more aware about energy conservation. This trend is not a healthy trend in the society.

Tendency of the most of the consumers is to use electricity without paying for it And The tendency of the department is to ensure that electricity is used by paying for it .

ENERGY IS PRECIOUS LET US CONSERVE IT!

STEPS TAKEN TO IMPROVE THE DETERIORATING POWER SCENARIO IN LEH.

After taking over the charge of Executive Engineer Electric M&RE Division PDD Leh on 27-04-2001, the bottlenecks faced by the department in fulfilling its aims and objectives was studied and analyzed. The power supply to Leh town and its adjoining villages was on rotational curtailment basis, with one day off after three days (3:1). There used to be frequent interruption in power supply especially during peak hours due to overloading of machines and transformers. The power situation further worsens with the closure of Stakna Hydel Power House for winter months. The above problems were studied and analysed in context of cause and effect relationship. What is the cause? Cause is either inadequate generating capacity or mismanagement of the available generating capacity or misuse of electricity due to lack of education about proper utilization of electricity. The effect is the power crisis.

Yes, the installed capacity is inadequate to cater both the heating and lighting loads of consumers. But the present installed capacity is sufficient to cater the lighting load only during this year winter months without power curtailment till new Hydel/Diesel Power House of sufficient capacity comes up next year. Therefore, top priority was given to management of the present available generating capacity.

The department has an installed capacity of 5 MW (derated to 3.3/3 MW) of Diesel in winter/summer and 4MW (derated to 1.5 MW) of Hydel in summer excluding the capacities of out station in far flung areas. Therefore, the generating capacity available from both Diesel and Hydel is about 4.5 MW. The agreemented load of domestic consumers, commercial consumers, SSI Units and State/Central Departments is about 3.3 MW and including the T&D losses the total load on the system should not be more than 3.6 MW. This is the restricted demand of lighting load only. And the actual load during peak hours in the month May/June was about 6 - 6.5 MW and there was power cut of 1.7 – 2 MW daily, on rotational curtailment basis with one day off after three days (3:1). Keeping in view the deteriorating power scenario, it was felt necessary that public is required to be educated about proper utilization and conservation of energy.

VDS –2001.

To create awareness among the electric consumers regarding proper utilization of electricity and to motivate the illegal consumers of electricity to legalize their connections by disclosing the illegal electric connections at their own, a scheme called Voluntary Disclosure Scheme for Disclosing Illegal Electric Connections in Leh District-VDS-2001,written in English,Bodhi and Urdu has been devised. As the department do not have adequate manpower to visit door to door and legalise the illegal connections. The scheme was launched in Leh town on 19-11-2001 and its being launched in villages also. This is first step in motivating the electric consumers to go for the energy efficient lamps .i,e CFLs. With the launching of VDS-2001, electrical inspections were carried out simultaneously to make it more effective. The electrical inspections were more of an educative type. An encouraging response is being received to this scheme and from 19-11-01 to 28-11-01, about Rs.13 lacs collected as revenue in just ten days. It is a record in the history of PDD Leh till date.

Energy Conservation Day on 26-11-01.

Students rally was organized on 26-11-01 to mark the day as Energy Conservation Day. About 350 students from different schools in Leh, participated in the rally with banners and play cards. The following messages were conveyed to the general public:-

Do not use heaters, boilers etc.
Do not use electricity illegally &
More than the agreemented load.
Energy Saved is Energy Generated;
Use CFLs; Save Energy, Save Money.

Health Department says.Let us make Ladakh Polio free .

Power Development Department Leh Says. Let us make Ladakh illegal electric connections and heaters free.

Besides this,the principals/headmasters of public and Govt. schools were requested to educate and make aware the students about energy conservation and proper utilization of electricity by delivering lectures/speeches at the time of morning assembly in the schools so that the concept of energy conservation is propagated to the general public through the students.Pamphlets containing instructions written in English,Bodhi and Urdu regarding Energy conservation and proper utilization of electricy has been distributed to the consumers.

The significance of 26-11-01 is very important because on this day, more than 1MW load reduced on the system in just eight days (from 19-11-01 to 26-11-01) as most of the consumers stopped using heaters, boilers etc. Accordingly, power curtailment schedule was revised. As per the revised schedule, power was supplied with one day off after five days in those areas where the load reduced substantially (5:1) instead of earlier schedule, with one day off after three days (3:1). And in the areas where there was not appreciable reduction in load, power curtailment schedule of one day off after three days was continued and the consumers were requested to reduce the excess load and use electricity as per the agreemented loads only. From 27-11-01 to 02-12-01, further about 0.45 MW of load reduced on the system and from 03-12-2001 there is no power curtailment in Leh District during evening hours.

Social Evil.

An important decision taken by PDD Leh is that the department has declared illegal electric connections, using of heaters, boilers etc, and using of electricity more than the agreemented load as social evil in the society.

Zero-Scheme

Most of the electric consumers use 100w / 60w bulbs in corridors, local toilets etc. where lamps of such wattages are not required. In order to replace these 100w/60w bulbs, the inspection team of the department, carry 10w bulbs in bags, popularly known as zero bulbs, to replace the 100w/60w bulbs in corridors, local toilets etc. As Energy Saved is Energy Generated. This scheme is called zero-scheme.

Preventive and new measures taken to improve the power supply position during winter months of 2001-02 in Leh.

Stakna HEP-2x2MW.

Stakna Power House usually closes down due to icing in the Ist week of December every year. During the year 2000-01, only 50KW was being generated from 01-12-2000 to 03-12-2000 and on 04-12-2000 the Power House was closed down for winter months.

Reasons for closing of Stakna Power House

in Ist week of December Frazil (floating / loose ice) starts flowing in the Indus river in the 1st/2nd week of November when the ambient temperature falls below –15 C° in the catchment areas.

How the frazil are formed.

Freezing means, conversion of a material from its liquid state to solid state. Ice is water in its solid, frozen state. Pure water freezes to ice at a temperature of 0°C. Ice is less dense and therefore lighter than water. If the water contains salt or other compounds, freezing takes place at a lower temperature. It is observed when the temperature is between 0°C and –18 °C the formation of frazil (floating/loose ice) starts from the bank of the river also. These frazil are neither solid ice nor in complete water form because the cohesive forces are not strong and the frazil do not stick strongly to the banks of river and starts flowing with water when the velocity of water is greater than the cohesive forces.

Normally, at Head Works site, these frazil reach around 09 to 10PM and last upto 1 to 2PM the next day. Operation of Stakna Power House during this period means allowing the frazil to enter into the power canal and accumulation starts from forebay to intake structure at Head Works. The thickness of ice slab goes on increasing upto about 1 meter thick, with the fall in temperature. The water carrying capacity of the canal is already reduced by almost 50% due to siltation. Therefore, with the formation of ice on the top and accumulation of silt in canal, the water flow is restricted and the powerhouse closes down in the Ist week of December every year.

Preventive measures taken.

Above problems, were visualized and anaylised for the probable solutions. The only way to stop the frazil from entering the power canal is to close the gates at the intake during the period when the frazil starts reaching the area. Therefore, from 10-11-01, the intake gate was closed between 9pm to11pm and water was drained from the canal and the forebay to avoid freezing in the canal, before 2 AM at night. The canal was again charged the next day at around 2PM when frazil stopped coming. During the intervening period disilting was carried out from the desilting basins, power canal and the forebay by way of flushing with controlled water. This operation was continued upto 08-12-01.

The various benefits derived from this operation are:-

Frazils were stopped from entering and the canal was virtually kept free from frazils accumulation and ice formation.

A great deal of silt/sand was removed from the disilting basins, power canal and the discharge in the canal increased by nearly 25% of its existing discharge.

A curtailment free power supply was ensured.

Meanwhile temperature kept on falling and on 09-12-01 it was decided not to evacuate the canal and the forebay anymore as a little freezing started in the forebay and a few stretches of the canal. Any further evacuation would mean breaking and collapsing of the ice layer which further would stand against the trash racks and restrict the entry of water into the power house on recharging of the canal So it was decided not to drain the water in the forebay and the level of the water in the canal was maintained by regulating the intake of water and constant load on the machine. Such preventive measures have helped the department to delay the shutdown of the powerhouse. 1.35MW was being generated upto 20-12-01 and on 21-12-01 the temperature dropped to -17°C in Leh and at the Head works the temperature was around -22°C, and the generation was reduced to 0.7 - 1 MW

Power scenario during winter months of last year(2000-01) in Leh District.

1.	Maximum Demand (before inspections)	6 MW
2	Maximum Demand (after inspections)	5MW
3.	Generation available from:- I, Stakna Hydel Power House II, Diesel Power Houses Total Generation-	Nil 3.8 MW 3.8 MW
4.	Power Cudrtailment	- After 3 days ,one day off (3:1)
5.	No of DG Set installed	- 10 Nos (500 KW each)
6.	No of DG Set operated	- 10 Nos (500 KW each)
7.	Deficit/short fall of power	- 1.2 MW.

Anticipated power scenario during winter months of 2001-02 with the shutdown of Stakna Power House and corrective/new measures taken to improve the power scenario in Leh.

Anticipated power scenario with the shutdown of Stakna Power House.

Maximum demand as on 18-11-01

(Before launching of VDS-2001)

6 MW---6.5MW

Generation available from Diesel

3.5MW

Anticipated power curtailment

- after two days one day off (2:1)

B) Improved power scenario after taking corrective / new measures viz launching of VDS-2001, and operation of Stakna Power House during evening hours only from 10-11-2001, to avoid entry and accumulation of frazil (floating/loose ice)

1. Reduced demand as on 26.11.01

(After launching of VDS-2001 on 19.11.01)

5 MW

2. Reduced demand as on 03-12-01

(As a result of inspection, educating the

Consumers and creating awareness

regarding energy conservation)

3.85 MW

Generation available from:-

I. Stakna Hydel Power House

II. Diesel Power Houses

Total Generation Available:-

1 - 1.35 MW

3.60 MW

4.60 - 4.95 MW

No of DG Sets installed at

Leh and Choglamsar Power Houses.

10 nos (500KW each)

No of DG Sets Operated

8 nos(due to less demand)

Saving in power .

1.15 MW

Generation from Stakna Power House from

01-12-01 to 31-12-2001 in view of the

preventive / new measures taken to avoid 2.79 Lacs units

shutdown of the power house in the Ist

week of December.

If the above number of units are to be

generated from Diesel source, the cost involved. Rs. 15.64 Lacs

9. Saving on diesel etc. Rs. 9.35 Lacs

The department feels happy about the present power scenario as there was no power curtailment during the holy month of Ramzan and Losar due to the hard work of all officers and officials of the department, the co-operation extended by general public, religious associations, political parties, NGOs etc. Every endeavour will be made to bring further improvement in the system.

PERSPECTIVE PLAN OF HYDEL POWER POTENTIAL IN LEH DISTRICT OF LADAKH REGION.

Ladakh is located in the hub of Central Asia and form time immemorial has been exposed to the influence of its neighbours. At present,three of the five routs into Ladakh i.e.from Baltistan, Central Asia and Tibet are closed. The other two routes Srinagar-Leh and Leh-Manali are the only ones which connect Ladakh to outside world at present. The single lane road between Srinagar and Kargil(another District of Ladakh region) remains blocked during winter from November to mid June every year due to heavy snowfall on Zojila (345Om). This route crosses two other peaks/passes from Kargil to Leh i.e.Namikila (3700 M) and Fotu-la (4000M), but these to passes remain open for most part of the year owing to less snowfall. The total length of this route is 440 Km. The single lane Leh –Manali road (475 Km)crosses few passes ranging from 3960 M to 4880 altitude Rohtang-la pass on this route remains closed for winter due to heavy snowfall.Besides these two surface link,Leh is also connected with Srinagar,Jammu,Chandhigarh and Delhi through Air Links.

Leh is biggest District of the State and lies in the extreme north of the sub-ciontinent. It has an area of 44000 sq.Kms. which makes it, as stated above, the largest district not only in the J&k State,but also in the whole of India.

Leh (Ladakh) was also known by the name of “Ledags”, which means land of high peaks, passes and mountains. The altitude of mountain peaks varies from 5500 M to 6500M Above M.S.L. and the elevations of inhabited villages ranges between 2600M TO 4500M above M.S.L. The district is one of the tropical cold dry deserts in the world. The evaporation rate is high due to high altitude and on other side the rate of precipitation is low. The district falls in rain shadow zone and the annual rainfall is in the range of 70mm to 130mm and confined to the months July ,August and September.The snowfall from moderate to heavy takees place from December to February. The temperature varies between 30°C to 35°C in Summer and in Winter it ddrops as low as -25°C to -30°C.As per the census of 1981, the population of the District is estimated as around 68400 and the density of population is less than two persons per square kilometer, which perhaps is trhe lowest in the country. About 75 to 85% of the population is engaged in cultivation and agricultural activities.

The Indus River is flowing from south-East to North-East direction in Leh District and along with its two main tributaries i.e. River Shyok and River Zanaskar form the main source of water in the region. The catchments areas of River Indus and Zanaskar are worked out as 376800 sq Kms and 15360 sq.Kms respectively. The combined discharge of the River Indus and the River Zanaskar varies from a minimum of 45 comecs in January/February to a maximum of 1260 cumecs in the month of August.

It is universally recognized that electricity plays an important role in changing the Socio-economic conditions of an area. It brings changes in the social behaviors and cultural ethos of the people and helps in improving the general standards of living. The most feasible, economically viable mode of power generation is harnessing the energy from the flowing rivers and steams. The total estimated power potential of rivers and steams. The total estimated power potential of rivers and streams of J&K state is about 15000 MWs not much of which is not necessary here. As a consequences the people are completely dependent on conventional sources for their energy need. In Ladakh region electricity for lighting purposes for 5 to 6 hours in the evening is provided by Diesel generating sets, inputs for which have to be transported from Jammu in large quantities for meeting the daily demand and storage for winter. The cost of transportation renders the generation very costly and the cost per unit at present is well over Rs.7.50.

The Indus River which empties itself into the Arabian Sea near Karachi (Pakistan)after covering about 1600 Kms and enroute it receives the flows of the Shyok, the Hunza and Gilgit Rivers, the Kabul River and the greatest of all the Panjnad (five rivers of Punjab).

1 The power potential of Indus River has been estimated to be of the order of about 60MWs.Out of which an aggregate generating capacity of about 15 MWs has been exploited through the already completed/commissioned micro/mini hydel projects. The list of projects which have been completed/commissioned is given hereunder:-

S.No	Name of the project.	Installed capacity (MW)
1.	Stakna Hydel Project	4.00
2.	M.H.Hunder	0.40
3.	M.H.Bazgo	0.30
4.	M.H.Sumoor.	0.10

1.5 2. At present the following two schemes are under execution and are expected to get completed and commissioned in the first year of 9th five year plan.

SNo.	Name of the project	Scope (Mws)
1.	Igo-Mercellong Hydel project	3.00
2.	Dumkhar mini Hydel project	2.00

1.5. 3 The draft project reports for the following projects have beeen got prepared by AHEC Roorkee and the final reports are under preparation. These Schemes are included in the plan of 1996-97 and are therefore expected to be taken up in hand in 1996-97. Out of these three schemes, M.H.Kumdock and M.H. Tangtse have been recommended to be taken as “Demonstration projects” under UNDP-GEF Hilly Hydro Projects Programme.

SNo.	Name of Project.	Scope
1.	M.H.Tangtse	0.4
2.	M.H.Bogdang	0.5
3.	M.H.Kumdock	0.2

1.5. 4. The list of schemes, sites for which have been identified and even the scope worked out is given below. These schemes have to be investigated first and then feasibility reports/ project reports have to be prepared. These schemes will, therefore, spill over to 9th five year plan and in case some spade work in respect of investigation and formulation of project is done during the year 1996-97, most of these schemes can will be started at the beginning of the 9th five year plan itself.

SNo.	Name of the scheme	Scope(MW)
1.	M.H.Kumyong	0.2
2.	M.H.Bazgo II	0.3
3.	M.H.Temisgam	0.4
4.	M.H.Nurla	0.3
5.	M.H.Hanu.	2.0
6.	M.H.Dah.	3.00
7.	M.H.Stakna II	2.00
8.	M.H.Susooma	2.0
9.	M.H.Chamshan	0.3
10.	M.H.Skuru	0.3
11.	M.H.Turtuk	0.5
12.	M.H.Largyap	0.2
13	M.H.Pickpoche	0.2
14	M.H.Upshi-Igo	15.00
15	M.H.Nimoo-Bazgo	30.00
	Total	56.70 MWs

Present Power Scenaries.

Leh region is not connected with National Power Grid. The Hyudel and Diesel Stations are run in isolation in Leh District.

The installed and utilized capacities of the Stations are as under:-

Installed capacity.

Hydel	4.8 MW
Diesel	7.8 MW
Thermal	0.0 MW
Total Capacity	12.62MW
Utilized capacity	7.8 MW
Actual Generation	15.93 Million Units

The restricted demand of lighting of demestic small numbers of commercial and SSI units is 9MW No heating load is allowed due to in adequated generating capacity.

Management of present available generating capacity.

In view of the limited generating capacity, the power supply to Leh Town and its adjoining 35 Nos villages on maintained on rotational curtailment basis during evening hours i.e.after every three days one day off. To ensure power supply without power untailment keeping in view the present generating capacity, it was felt necessary to create general awarness among consumers by educating the consumer about energy conserration and proper utilization of electricity.To achieve this objectivi some schemes were formulated.

RENEWABLE ENERGY IN LEH DISTRICT

INTRODUCTION